Skip to main content French Revolution Period during which the saint's relics were hidden and lost. 69 Norman invasions Viking raids devastating Flanders and Morinia in the 9th century. 17 Council of Chalcedon Ecumenical council confirmed by Hilary. 14 Wars of Religion Event during which the Cathedral of Meaux was devastated. 12 Council of Ephesus Ecumenical council that validated the position of Maximian. 10 Council of Nicaea First ecumenical council confirmed by Hilary. 7 Council of Trent Ecumenical council of the Catholic Church aimed at responding to the Reformation. 7 Great Western Schism Crisis of the papacy whose end Elizabeth predicted. 6 Council of Sardica Council held in 347 for the defense of the orthodox faith. 5 St. Anthony's Fire Medieval epidemic treated by Adalberon II in Epinal. 5 Council of Epaone Provincial council held in 517 to organize the Church in the Burgundian kingdom. 5 Invasion of the Normans Military threat in 887 that prompted the transfer of relics to Dijon. 5 Fifth Council of Orléans Council held in 549 attended by the saint. 4 Council of Mâcon Ecclesiastical assembly of 585 that exonerated Theodore. 4 Battle of Lepanto 1571 naval victory attributed to the intercession of the saint. 4 Norman Incursions Historical event that caused the partial relocation of relics. 4 Fourth Council of Orléans Council in which Dalmas participated. 4 Council of Reims Ecclesiastical assembly in which Sulpicius participated in 625. 4 Council of Agde Council held in 506, which Cyprian attended as a deacon. 3 Norman Invasions Viking raids that devastated France and the diocese of Thérouanne in the 9th century. 3 Rogations Public prayers and processions established to avert calamities. 3 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Decisive victory of the Christian kingdoms of Spain over the Almohads in 1212. 3 French Revolution of 1793 Period during which the tombs were still visible. 3 First Council of Nicaea Ecumenical council of 325 in which Leontius participated. 2 First Crusade Christian military expedition to the Holy Land. 2 Investiture Controversy Conflict between the Church and the Empire over the appointment of bishops. 2 Fourth Council of Paris Council held in 572, which Quinidius attended. 2 Council of Constantinople Major ecclesiastical event where Dace was present. 2 Council of Aquileia Council held in 381 that condemned several Arian bishops. 2 Council of Soissons Ecclesiastical assembly of 745 serving as a legal reference. 2 First Council of Constantinople Ecumenical council of 381 confirming the orthodox faith. 2 Assumption Principal feast of the sanctuary celebrated on August 15. 2 Decian persecution Period of anti-Christian repression in 250. 2 Revolution of 1793 Period of unrest during which relics were secured. 2 Conference of Carthage Meeting of 410 aimed at resolving the conflict between Catholics and Donatists. 2 Robber Council of Ephesus Second Council of Ephesus (449), marked by violence and doctrinal tensions. 2 Battle of Poitiers Battle of 1356 in which Robert de Sillé was wounded. 2 Paris Commune Insurrectionary period in Paris in 1871. 2 Council of Orléans (511) Council convened by Clovis against Arianism. 2 Council of Troyes Council of 878 presided over by Pope John VIII. 2 Council of Frankfurt Council that condemned the Adoptionist heresy. 2 Albigensian Crusade Context of religious crisis and mission in Languedoc. 2 Council in Trullo Council whose canons Sergius refused to sign. 2 Second Council of Lyon Council of 1274 where Philip had his order approved. 2 Council of Clermont Council of 1095 where the First Crusade was decided. 2 Second Council of Mâcon Council prescribing charity and simplicity for the clergy. 2 Saracen Invasions Muslim military incursions causing the persecution of Christians in Rouergue. 2 Council of Reims (1148) Council condemning the errors of Gilbert de la Porée. 2 Council of Attigny Council held in 765 in which Madalvé participated. 2 Lupercalia Roman pagan festivals abolished by Pope Gelasius I. 2 Revolution of 1793 Historical period that led to the suppression of the saint's church title. 2 Battle of Tolbiac Decisive battle where Clovis vowed to convert. 2 Albigensian heresy Religious context that prompted Peter Nolasco to leave the Lauragais region. 2 Battle of Vouillé Decisive battle in 507 marking the end of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse. 2 Miracle of the Snows Miraculous event at the origin of the basilica's foundation. 1 Corpus Christi Liturgical feast for which Juliana is the original promoter. 1 Tenth Council of Toledo Council that officially established the feast in 654. 1 Synod of Whitby Decisive assembly regarding the date of Easter in England. 1 Sixth Ecumenical Council Council that condemned the Monothelite heresy. 1 Council of Milan Council of 355 marked by Arian pressure on Catholic bishops. 1 Donatist Schism Major ecclesiastical conflict in North Africa in the 4th century. 1 Plague of 1588 Devastating epidemic that struck Bagnères and its surroundings. 1 Ascension Liturgical feast marking the death and entry into heaven of Bernard and the children. 1 Council of Jerusalem Meeting of the Apostles to decide the obligations of converted Gentiles. 1 Hungarian Invasion Barbarian incursion into Swabia causing the martyrdom of the saint. 1 Council of Zaragoza Council held in 380 condemning the Priscillianists. 1 Second Council of Auvergne Council held around 550. 1 Martyrdom of the Theban Legion Major historical and hagiographical event associated with Saint Maurice. 1 Council of Paris (614) Assembly of bishops of the Gauls convened in Paris. 1 Councils of Toledo Ecclesiastical assemblies in which Braulio participated. 1 Nativity of the Virgin Liturgical feast celebrated on September 8. 1 Plague of 1349 Black Death epidemic that struck Quimper and caused the death of Jean. 1 Council of Lyon Ecumenical council attended by John in 1245. 1 Plague of 1653 Epidemic that struck Penne, halted by a religious vow. 1 Third Council of Toledo Council of 589 marking the conversion of the Goths to Catholicism. 1 Council of Basel Major event in which Louis Alleman played a leading role in the schism. 1 Second Council of Lyon Ecumenical council to which the abbot was invited. 1 Second Council of Orléans Ecclesiastical assembly held in 533 in which Innocent participated. 1 Third Council of Constantinople Council that condemned Monothelitism. 1 The White Mass Sacred heap of the ashes of the martyrs of Saragossa, separated from profane ashes. 1 Council of Toulouse Ecclesiastical event where Hélinand delivered a sermon. 1 Jubilee of Saint-Bertrand Plenary indulgence granted periodically in Comminges. 1 Council of Compiègne Council held in 757 which Jacob attended. 1 Council of Toledo of 655 Assembly of bishops where Fructuosus was chosen for Braga. 1 Council of Sinuessa A gathering of bishops to examine the apostasy of Pope Marcellinus. 1 Council of Pisa (1134) Council in which Pontius participated. 1 Cholera epidemics in Nevers Epidemics of 1832 and 1848 during which the saint was invoked. 1 Council of Ephesus (449) A synod marked by violence where Flavian was condemned. 1 Lateran Council of 649 Council convened by Martin I to condemn Monothelitism. 1 Council of Agde Council held in 566 attended by the saint. 1 Invasion of the Tatars Event that triggered the vow of Margaret's parents. 1 Crusade Expedition for the recovery of the Holy Land. 1 Plague of Palermo of 1624 Epidemic that ceased after the exposition of the saint's relics. 1 Council of Orange (529) Major council presided over by Caesarius addressing grace and free will. 1 Council of Valence Council held in 374 in which Paul participated. 1 Council of Reims (630) Ecclesiastical assembly addressing discipline and simony. 1 Sixth general persecution Wave of persecution against Christians launched by Maximinus Thrax. 1 Crusades Military expeditions to the Holy Land involving its sons. 1 Fire of Constantinople of 465 Major catastrophe predicted by the saint. 1 Council of Auvergne Assembly of bishops held in 535. 1 Sack of Autun by the Saracens Invasion that caused the flight of Frodulf in 825. 1 Plague of 1600 Epidemic in Spain during which John Grande died. 1 Battle of Benevento Decisive battle in 1266 where the saint was left for dead. 1 Jubilee of Le Puy Privilege granted when the Annunciation falls on Good Friday. 1 Norman invasion Historical event that caused the transfer of relics. 1 Albigensian heresy Heretical movement in southern France opposed by Dominic. 1 Synod of Brevy Ecclesiastical assembly against Pelagianism. 1 Concordat of Worms 1122 agreement ending the Investiture Controversy. 1 Diet of Stans Crucial political meeting where Nicholas intervened for peace. 1 Fourth Crusade Military expedition during which the relics were acquired. 1 Council of Orléans Assembly of bishops in which Livane participated. 1 Spanish Invasion (1637) Military context that motivated the vow of Father Boniface. 1 Council of Arles (475) Assembly of bishops that condemned predestinarianism. 1 Transfiguration Evangelical event where Elijah appears alongside Moses and Jesus. 1 Fifth Council of Orléans National council held in 549 to which Aptone subscribed. 1 Council of Valence (374) Council convened in Valence in 374. 1 Council of Autun Assembly of 1077 where Gebuin was elected. 1 Danish invasions Viking invasions that caused the destruction of English monasteries in the 9th century. 1 Fifth Council of Arles Council held in 532 in which Quinidius participated. 1 Desecration of 1566 Event during which the relics were dispersed by heretics. 1 1832 Cholera Epidemic Scourge from which the city of Beaune was delivered through the intercession of the Virgin. 1 Council of Ponthion Council attended by Aurelian in 876. 1 Rebaptizer Controversy Theological conflict regarding the validity of baptism administered by heretics. 1 First Council of Orange Council held in 441 in which Constantine participated. 1 Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed Liturgical institution created by Odilo to relieve the souls in purgatory. 1 Council of Rouen Council held in 689, which Aquilin attended. 1 Saracen Incursions Invasions that caused the massacre of the clergy and the flight of the relics. 1 Council of Carthage Assembly of bishops that condemned Pelagianism in 416. 1 Incursions of the Mazices Barbarian attacks that forced the monks into exile in 395. 1 Invasion of 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian conflict that impacted the region. 1 Battle of Pavia 1525 battle of which Philip had a prophetic vision. 1 Council of Béziers Assembly of 356 where Ursicinus was deposed by the Arians. 1 Famine of 1125 Major food crisis during which Charles demonstrated his charity. 1 Mongol invasion of Poland Conflict during which Henry the Pious met his death. 1 First Council of the Lateran Ninth ecumenical council ratifying the Concordat of Worms. 1 Council of Aachen Council establishing the rule of common life for canons. 1 Second Council of Tours Ecclesiastical assembly held in 566. 1 Third Council of Paris Ecclesiastical assembly held in 557. 1 War of the Breton Succession Conflict over the succession of the Duchy of Brittany predicted by the saint. 1 Council of Orléans (549) Council attended by Aurelian in 549. 1 Sack of Poitiers (1562) Destruction of relics by Protestant troops. 1 Latin Empire of Constantinople Historical period of the union of Serbia with Rome. 1 Council of Tours (567) Council significant for the reform of morals and ecclesiastical discipline. 1 Council of Constance Historical event during which the invocation of Roch brought an end to the plague. 1 Persecution of Valerian and Gallienus Historical context of the martyrdom in 259. 1 Council of Orléans (1017) Council that condemned the Manichaean heresy. 1 Cholera epidemic Plague that struck Europe and the region in 1835 and 1855, stimulating devotion. 1 Invasion of the Normans of 892 Sacking of Troyes which led to the temporary loss of the relics. 1 Second Council of the Lateran Ecumenical council in which Peter participated. 1 Saxon Invasion Military event that interrupted the work of Suitbert. 1 Seventh General Council Council that restored the veneration of icons in 787. 1 1849 Cholera Epidemic Event during which Muard devoted himself to the sick before falling ill himself. 1 Hungarian invasion of 954 Devastating raid in Lorraine and Toul. 1 Sack of Embrun by the Protestants Event that led to the definitive loss of the relics in 1585. 1 Protestant Reformation Historical event that led to the destruction of the monastery of Heidenheim. 1 Battle of Lechfeld Decisive victory of Otto I over the Hungarians in 955. 1 Battle of Vincy Military conflict marking the chronology of the saint's life. 1 Siege of 1642 Military event that led to the displacement and loss of the relics. 1 Legend of the Apple Popular narrative explaining the conversion of Leodowald through the observation of a ripening fruit. 1 Synod of Sens Assembly of bishops in which Faron participated in 657. 1 Council of Rome (313) Assembly convened to judge the Donatists. 1 Famine of 942 Food crisis affecting Burgundy and Germany. 1 Protestant Invasion of 1587 Event during which the saint's relics were destroyed. 1 Second Council of Constantinople Council held in 536 mentioning the abbot of the Monastery of Saint Maron. 1 Synod of Attigny Ecclesiastical assembly held in 765. 1 Council of Paris (847) Council at which the Abbey of Corbie was honored. 1 Hunnic Invasions People who devastated the city of Trier and its religious buildings. 1 Invasions of the Saracens and the Normans Invasions that caused the depopulation and ruin of monasteries in France. 1 Swedish War Conflict during which the saint's tomb was destroyed in 1632. 1 Battle of Seneffe 1674 battle in which the Prince of Vaudémont was wounded. 1 Saracen Invasion Historical event causing the relocation of relics. 1 Synod of Valence Synod held in 374 regarding ecclesiastical discipline. 1 Cholera of 1832 Major epidemic during which Sister Rosalie organized relief efforts. 1 Council of Arles (314) Second council against the Donatist schism. 1 Laws of Edward the Confessor Legislative collection structuring medieval English law. 1 Massacre of Thessalonica Event that triggered the penance of Theodosius. 1 Plague of Milan (1576) A major epidemic during which the saint demonstrated heroic devotion. 1 Felling of Thor's Oak Symbolic action marking the end of paganism in Hesse. 1 Albigensian Crusade Event that caused the destruction of the monastery of Avignon in 1210. 1 Siege of Arles (510) Military conflict that delayed the construction of the monastery. 1 Battle of Hatfield Battle in which Edwin was killed while fighting Penda and Cadwallon. 1 Attack of the Dutch fleet Naval threat against Lima that Rose faced with prayer and courage. 1 Plague of 590 Major epidemic that depopulated Viviers and Avignon. 1 Plague of 1632 Epidemic that prompted the vow of the city of Langres. 1 Council of Thionville Council of 835 where Ebbo was deposed. 1 Pillage of Hamburg Attack by the Northmen in 845 that destroyed the works of Ansgar. 1 Council of Braine Ecclesiastical assembly held in 580. 1 Eruption of Vesuvius Natural disaster that destroyed Pompeii during the pontificate of Cletus. 1 Council of Paris (829) Ecclesiastical assembly in which Hildeman participated. 1 Revolution of 1848 Period of civil unrest during which she intervened for peace. 1 Council of Reims (625) Gathering of more than forty bishops of the Gauls. 1 Battle of Worringen Historical event dated June 3, 1288, coinciding with the end of the saint's temptations. 1 Capture of Lyon by the Calvinists (1562) Event during which the tombs of the martyrs were violated. 1 Battle of Fontenoy Decisive battle between the sons of Louis the Pious. 1 Martyrs of Japan Group of saints with whom Michael was canonized. 1 1732 Earthquake Seismic event predicted by the saint. 1 Norman invasions of 881 Event causing the transfer of relics to Saint-Omer. 1 Second Council of Nicaea Council where the saint is mentioned. 1 Council of Paris (579) Assembly of bishops that judged and deposed Praetextatus. 1 Sack of Rome Tragic event of 1527 during which Gaetano was tortured. 1 Peasants' War Popular revolt of 1525 that caused damage to religious buildings. 1 Passover Major religious festival restored by Hezekiah for all Israel. 1 Franco-Prussian War Military conflict serving as the historical backdrop for the apparition. 1 The Tarasque Legendary monster tamed by Saint Martha. 1 Council of Arles Regional council addressing the date of Easter and the Donatists. 1 Council of Charroux Council held in 996 where the relics of Junien were displayed. 1 French occupation of Rome Historical period during which Anna-Maria's husband lost his job. 1 Cholera epidemic of 1837 Plague that broke out one month after the saint's death. 1 First Council of Orléans Council of 511 (noted as 544 in the text) in which Melaine participated. 1 Vatican Council First Vatican Council where the proclamation of Joseph as Patron of the Church was requested. 1 Third Council of Orléans Council held in 540 addressing ecclesiastical discipline and morality. 1 Council of Cologne Council held against the Arian Euphratas. 1 Grande-Chartreuse Avalanche Natural disaster that destroyed the monastery's initial buildings. 1 Battle of Muret Decisive battle of the Albigensian Crusade. 1 Treaty of the Pyrenees Peace treaty placed under the protection of the Virgin of Cotignac. 1 Truce of God Medieval peace convention limiting the days of warfare. 1 Guelph and Ghibelline factions Italian political and civil conflicts that Bernardino sought to pacify. 1 Council of Carpentras Council held in 527, used to distinguish between the two Prospers. 1 War of the Rustands Peasant revolt during which the saint's tomb was desecrated. 1 Siege of Belgrade Military event prophesied by the saint. 1 Epiphany Liturgical feast marking the death of Emilienne in the narrative. 1 Fifth Crusade Military expedition during which the relic was acquired. 1 Lombard Invasion Major military conflict during the reign of Guntram. 1 Fall of Constantinople Historical event prophesied by Angeline after her death. 1 Council of Duisburg Council that excommunicated the attackers of Benno. 1 Ostensions of Limoges Periodic religious ceremony for the exposition of relics. 1 The Reign of Terror Period of the French Revolution during which the saint's body was hidden. 1 Saracen Invasion of 731 Historical event that motivated the transfer of the saint's relics. 1 Miracle of the Mule Proof of the Real Presence in the Eucharist before a heretic. 1 Battle of Mount Badon Victory of the Britons over the Saxons marking the year of Gildas's birth. 1 Wars of the late 18th century Conflicts that led to the destruction of the ex-votos of Salesches. 1 Western Schism Period of crisis in the papacy serving as the context for the life of Laurent. 1 Alleluia Victory Battle won by the Britons against the Saxons thanks to the spiritual cry suggested by Germanus. 1 Christmas Period surrounding the death of Saint Tharsilla. 1 Plague of 1666 Epidemic during which the saint served. 1 Grandes Compagnies Bands of adventurers who threatened Altkirch in the 14th century. 1 Saracen Invasion Invasion of Septimania forcing Giles into exile. 1 Second Council of Nicaea Council where the panegyric of the martyrs was cited. 1 Battle of Székesfehérvár Christian victory against the Turks in which Lawrence played a major spiritual role. 1 Catayogie Pagan festival during which Timothy was killed. 1 Fête des Merveilles Ancient nautical procession in honor of the martyrs of Lyon. 1 Fire of 1514 Event that destroyed the incorrupt body of the saint. 1 Battle of Patay Decisive victory for French troops led by Joan of Arc. 1 Miracle of the Ardents 1130 epidemic cured by the procession of the saint's reliquary. 1 Reign of Terror of 1793 Period of the French Revolution during which relics were hidden. 1 First Council of Tours Council attended by Germanus of Rouen. 1 Battle of Agincourt Battle won by Henry V on the feast day of the saints. 1 Persecution of Decius An earlier persecution that James had already survived. 1 Battle of Civitella Military defeat of Leo IX by the Normans. 1 1618 Earthquake Seismic event that destroyed Truxillo in accordance with the saint's prophecy. 1 Sack of Rome (410) Major historical event marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. 1 Lombard Invasion Invasion of 568 during which Flavit was captured. 1 Siege of Belgrade 1456 battle that motivated the institution of the feast by Callixtus III. 1 Siege of Angers (573) Military event mentioned in connection with the translation of relics. 1 Council of the Lateran Council under Innocent III defining the nature of angels. 1 Peasants' War Peasant revolt of 1525 during which the reliquary was looted. 1 Battle of Gisors Military conflict in which John distinguished himself against the English. 1 Green Feast Popular tradition commemorating the miracle of the wolf. 1 Second Crusade Military expedition in which Simon of Olay participated. 1 Festival of the Rosière Traditional institution attributed to Saint Medard at Salency. 1 Council of Paris (557) Ecclesiastical assembly in which Samson participated. 1 Hundred Years' War Conflict during which the English devastated Besse in 1369. 1 Back to themes